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美国人的“签证空白记忆”:从历史脉络到当代出行数据的验证

发布的日期:2025-09-12 最新更新:2025-09-12 浏览:8

从历史与当代两层看,美国人的国际出行长期集中在对美国护照免签或落地签的目的地,且直到近年多数家庭甚至都没有护照,这让“签证”在很多家庭记忆里确实相对陌生或“空白”. 同时,护照与签证制度本身在第一次世界大战后才被全球标准化,19世纪与一战前的跨境移动更少依赖签证,所以有“百年尺度上的陌生感”。

护照持有率与“陌生感”

  • 美国务院公开信息显示:1990年仅约5%的美国人持有护照;到2024年中约为48%,这意味着直到不久前,多数家庭并无海外旅行与签证办理的实际经验。

  • 2007年“西半球旅行倡议”(WHTI)开始要求从加墨等地乘机入境美国必须持护照,引发当年护照签发量从2006年的约1213万飙升至2007年的约1838万,反衬出此前去邻国旅行普遍无需护照的现实基础。

  • WHTI随后在2009年扩展至陆海路口岸(可用护照卡等证件),进一步把“办护照”变成常态要求;而在此之前,很多跨境出行甚至可凭口头声明或驾照等完成,这也解释了家庭记忆中“没怎么碰到签证”的体验。

美国人主要去哪里

  • 2024年美国居民出境的第一大目的地是墨西哥(约3990万人次)与加拿大(约1410万人次),其合计份额极高;海外长途方面,英国、意大利、法国、多米尼加、西班牙位居前列。

  • 最新月度监测显示,年初至今北美(墨西哥+加拿大)约占出境市场的49.5%,而“墨西哥+加勒比”合计约占52.2%,这些热门区域对美国护照普遍为免签或落地签。

  • 以当代规则衡量,美国护照对182–188个目的地享有免签/落地签便利,覆盖了北美、欧洲及大量旅游型国家,与美国居民实际出行的“热门清单”高度重合,从而弱化了“签证”在日常旅行中的存在感。

护照/签证的历史脉络(百年尺度)

  • 一战前,多数地区旅行并不普遍要求护照与签证,一战期间临时性限制被广泛启用,战后并未完全恢复到战前的“几乎无证件”状态。

  • 1920年国际联盟在巴黎召开“护照与通关会议”,首次推动护照的国际标准化,也对签证费用与出入境手续提出简化建议,标志现代护照/签证制度的成型。

  • 因此,从19世纪到20世纪前期的长时段视角看,“不需要签证”的旅行记忆并非罕见;而战后标准化与分区互免并存,使美国人与其最常去地区之间的免签格局延续至今。

制度性推动:免签网络与互惠

  • 美国的签证互免生态与1986年启动的“免签证计划”(VWP)密切相关,该计划与欧美等国形成高密度互免与信息共享网络,巩固了跨大西洋及发达经济体之间的短期免签出行。

  • 与此并行,护照指数显示近年美国护照仍可免签前往约182个目的地,尽管全球排名有波动,但对美国居民常去的欧洲、北美及加勒比核心旅游目的地的免签格局保持稳定。

一个“故事线”式的支撑

  • 以加州家庭为例:在2007年之前,去墨西哥或加拿大的短途旅行常常不需要护照即可往来,很多人多年从未办理过签证,海外旅行经验主要围绕近邻与免签目的地展开。

  • 2007年WHTI对航空入境实施护照要求后,护照办理量在当年出现“跳变式”增长,显示制度变化才把大量家庭第一次“推”向护照柜台,而并非签证窗口。

  • 同期及其后,最热门的出境目的地依然是墨西哥、加拿大、英国、意大利、法国、西班牙等对美国护照免签的国家和地区,这让“办签证”在许多家庭语境里依然很少出现。

总的来看,历史上(一战前)“少证件限制”的通行环境、战后以互免为主的出行网络、以及美国居民出境高度集中于免签目的地三重因素叠加,使“签证”确实在不少美国家庭记忆里呈现为一个相对稀薄的概念,这一判断可以被量化数据与制度沿革故事同时验证。

内容引用:

  1. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/about-us/reports-and-statistics.html
  2. https://x.com/StateDept/status/1736790404735909938?lang=en
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  4. https://www.henleyglobal.com/newsroom/press-releases/henley-global-mobility-report-july-2025
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  23. https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1mi2iqs/data_from_statista_says_that_the_percentage_of/
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  27. https://www.trade.gov/feature-article/february-2025-air-passenger-travel
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  32. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/passport-power-history
  33. https://haymanwoodward.com/blog/stamps-and-borders-the-evolution-of-the-global-passport/
  34. https://tracreports.org/tracker/dynadata/2022_02/RL32221.pdf
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  37. https://www.oig.dhs.gov/reports/2013/visa-waiver-program/oig13-07nov12
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